Everything You Need to Know About Skid Steers

What Is A Skid Steer loader?

Skid steer loaders are compact yet powerful machines that have become a mainstay in construction and landscaping applications. Their name aptly reflects their unique steering mechanism. Unlike traditional vehicles with steerable wheels, skid steers employ fixed-position wheels or tracks. To execute a turn, the operator independently controls the speed of each side's drive motors. By applying greater power to one side, the machine pivots on the "skidding" wheels or tracks, achieving a tight turning radius – a significant advantage in confined workspaces.

Despite their compact size, skid steers boast impressive load capacities, ranging from 800 pounds to over two tons. This combination of maneuverability and power makes them highly versatile tools. Additionally, skid steers can be equipped with a wide array of attachments, further expanding their functionality. From digging and trenching to demolition and material handling, skid steers can handle a vast array of tasks, contributing to their widespread popularity in the construction and landscaping industries.

Common Terms

Within the construction industry, skid steer loaders may also be referred to by a few other terms. The most common alternative is simply "skid loader," highlighting the machine's primary function of loading and transporting materials. Less frequently, manufacturers with a dominant market share in a particular region might see their brand name become synonymous with the equipment itself. For example, "Bobcat" is a brand of skid steer loader, and in some areas, operators might use that term interchangeably with "skid steer loader." However, for clear and professional communication, "skid steer loader" remains the most universally recognized term.

Manufacturers

Besides Bobcat, several other well-established manufacturers are renowned for their skid steer loaders. These include industry giants like Caterpillar (CAT), John Deere, and Case Construction Equipment. These companies offer a diverse range of skid steer models, catering to various needs in terms of size, power, and attachment compatibility. Additionally, brands like Volvo, Kubota, Takeuchi, and ASV are gaining significant recognition for their innovative skid steer designs and features. When choosing a skid steer loader, considering the reputation and expertise of these manufacturers alongside specific project requirements is crucial for optimal performance and value.

Common Types

Skid steer lifting comes in two types — vertical and radial. Regardless of your skid steer’s size and weight, these two configurations remain the same. There are fewer internal parts to the radial lift design, while vertical lift-style machines tend to be more powerful.

Common Sizes

Skid steer loaders come in a variety of sizes, each suited to specific applications. These size categories are typically referred to as small frame, medium frame, and large frame. A crucial factor when selecting a skid steer loader is its rated operating capacity (ROC), which denotes the maximum weight it can safely lift and handle.

1. Small frame skid steers are the most compact option. They typically generate less than 50 horsepower and boast an ROC of up to 1,750 pounds. This makes them ideal for maneuvering in tight spaces or for lighter-duty tasks like landscaping or demolition in confined areas.

2. Medium frame skid steers offer a balance between size and power. They generate between 50-70 horsepower and have an ROC ranging from 1,750 to 2,200 pounds. This increased capacity allows them to tackle a wider range of projects, including light excavation, material handling, and light grading.

3. Large frame skid steers are the most powerful option. These machines exceed 70 horsepower and boast an ROC exceeding 2,200 pounds. Their superior strength makes them suitable for heavy-duty applications like large-scale excavation, land clearing, and heavy material movement.

TIP: For more information about specs for a specific machine please visit Boom and Bucket Specs.

Component Identification

Major components of skid steers are:

CAB: This is the enclosed compartment where the operator sits and controls the skid steer. It is typically equipped with a ROPS (Roll Over Protection System) for operator safety. Visually inspect the ROPS (Rollover Protective Structure) for damage or rust. Check the windshield and windows for cracks. Ensure all lights and signals are functioning properly. Enter the cab and check gauges and warning lights for proper operation. Test the seat, levers, and joysticks for functionality and smoothness.

LOADER LIFT ARM: These are the two hydraulically-powered arms that extend outward from the front of the machine. They are used to raise, lower, and position the attachment. Look for any cracks, bends, or loose welds on the lift arms. Inspect the lift arm pins and bushings for wear and tear. Ensure the hydraulic lines are secure and free of leaks. Operate the lift arms through a full range of motion to identify any unusual noises or binding.

BUCKET: This is the most common attachment for a skid steer loader. It is used for scooping, loading, and transporting materials.

BUCKET CYLINDER: This is the hydraulic ram that powers the tilting action of the bucket.

BUCKET COUPLER: This is the mechanism that allows the skid steer to quickly and easily attach and detach different attachments. Inspect the coupler for any damage or rust. Ensure the latching mechanism functions securely.

DRIVETRAIN: The wheels on a skid steer loader. They can be solid or pneumatic, depending on the application. Check the tread depth on the tires for wear. Look for any cuts or cracks in the tire sidewalls. Inspect the wheels for damage or loose lug nuts. For tracked skid steers, visually inspect the tracks for tears, cuts, or missing tread blocks. Check the track tension according to the manufacturer's recommendations.

AXLE: The beam that connects the wheels on each side of the skid steer loader.

HYDROSTATIC DRIVE MOTOR: Each wheel of a skid steer loader has its own independent hydrostatic drive motor. By applying more power to one side of the machine, the operator can cause the skid steer to turn by "skidding" the wheels on that side.

MAIN HYDRAULIC PUMP: This pump converts engine power into hydraulic pressure, which is used to power the lift arms, bucket tilt, and other hydraulic functions of the machine. Look for any leaks or damage to the hydraulic hoses and lines. Check the hydraulic fluid level and condition. Listen for any unusual noises when operating the hydraulic system.

Control Station

Enclosed vs Open Cab

Another important consideration is enclosed cab or an open cab.

Enclosed Cabs: Provides a fully enclosed compartment for the operator, shielding them from the elements (dust, rain, snow, extreme temperatures). This translates to increased comfort and productivity, especially in harsh weather conditions. May also have features like climate control (heat and A/C), a sealed filtration system to reduce dust ingress, and a wiper system for the windows.

Open Cabs: The primary structure is a ROPS (Rollover Protection Structure or Rollover Protection System) frame with a seat and basic controls. There are no windows, doors, or climate control systems.

Controls

Standard Controls (Levers and Pedals):

This is the traditional setup and involves levers and foot pedals for operating the machine.

1. Levers: Typically two hand levers control the skid steer's movement. Pushing both levers forward moves the machine forward, pulling them back moves it backward. Turning is achieved by pushing one lever forward and the other backward.

2. Pedals: Two foot pedals manage the arm and bucket functions. One pedal controls raising and lowering the lift arm, while the other controls tilting the bucket.

Joystick Controls:

This is a more modern approach that utilizes joysticks for increased operator comfort and potentially smoother operation. There are two main joystick control layouts:

1. ISO Pattern: The left joystick controls the machine's movement (forward, reverse, turn). The right joystick controls the arm and bucket functions (lift, lower, tilt). This layout is similar to excavator controls and is gaining popularity.

2. H-Pattern Joystick Controls: Similar to the standard controls with levers, but instead of levers, there are two joysticks that move in an "H" pattern to control movement. One joystick controls forward and backward movement, while the other controls turning by pushing the joystick away from the operator to turn in that direction.

Standard VS. High Flow

Standard flow

Represents the base hydraulic system capacity commonly found on skid steers. This system is designed for efficient operation and extended life at a flow rate typically ranging from 17 to 25 gallons per minute (GPM). Standard flow is well-suited for powering a wide range of attachments commonly used in construction and landscaping applications, including pallet forks, trenchers, augers, and light-duty breakers. These attachments do not require the high hydraulic horsepower that a high-flow system provides.

This is a standard auxiliary circuit setup

This CAT 226B has two hydraulic quick connect fittings and no round pin electrical connector for controlling high flow. This would be a clear indicator that the skid steer is not High Flow equipped. When in doubt the #1 way to be sure is to contact the nearest equipment dealer related to the manufacture you are working with and have the service department assist with actual machine specifications.

High flow

Offer significant advantages for skid steers and track loaders. Their primary benefit lies in their ability to deliver increased power and lift capacity. This is achieved through a higher flow rate of hydraulic fluid compared to standard-flow systems. High flow systems boast a considerably higher GPM range, typically falling between 30 to 45 GPM, this translates to more hydraulic horsepower, enabling the machine to handle demanding applications that require powerful movements or operations, such as lifting heavy loads or powering high-performance attachments like brush cutters, rock saws, and cold planers.

Engine Type

Diesel vs Gasoline

Diesel Engines: are more powerful and efficient, but they're also more expensive. Diesel engines, like this CAT 3208 Diesel below, are found on most mid to large framed machines.

Gasoline Engines: are less powerful, but they're cheaper and easier to maintain and are mostly found on walk behind types like this Briggs & Stratton 3864.

Drivetrain

Hydrostatic

Most skid steers are hydrostatic, with their forward, reverse, and turning movements hydraulically controlled. Some skid steers have drive motors directly bolted to the wheel spindles. Others use large, heavy-duty steel chains, similar to bicycle chains, to turn the wheels. It is common for tracked skid steers to use a direct drive hydraulic motor to final drive sprocket assembly.

Compact Track Loaders Hydrostatic Motor to Final Drive Assembly:

Here is the Hydrostatic Motor direct drive to Wheel Hub:

Here we have a common Hydrostatic Motor to Chain driven assembly:

Tip- The hydrostatic systems in these machines are easy to overlook due to their hidden locations. The internal components are tucked away within motor housings, under the cab, behind track roller frames, and within final drives. Therefore, if a bearing or gear begins to fail, it may not be readily apparent through a quick visual inspection.

VISUAL CHECKS

1. Check for signs of Hyd. leaks around wheel assemblies / track drive assemblies & drive motor areas (Keep in mind that some drive motors are not visible unless the Operator Cab is tilted off of frame). External hydraulic leaks & seepages that are visibly coming from the area where the motor connects to the final drive or wheel hub, will indicate a possible shaft seal leak. Shaft seal leaks are a telltale sign of possible internal damage that is caused by metal shavings, debris, etc. These metal particles will disturb and damage the lip seals, causing external leaks.

2. Check for hyd. leaks at drain & fill plugs (If machine frame is chain box equipped)

3. Check the wheels, tires, spindles, axles, etc. to frame mounting for loose hardware & misalignments. A faulty or worn drivetrain component like a damaged axle will have signs of a bent wheel type of look.

4. Check the hydrostatic hoses available to view for worn surfaces.

OPERATIONAL CHECKS

1. When the machine is traveling forward (with the intention of straight travel) or in reverse, see if the skid steer DOES NOT travel more to one side. If the machine travels straight, this will indicate that both drive units are in sync. If the machine pulls to one side vs the other, this could shed some light on possible issues. Think of it like driving on a straight, flat road, letting go of your cars steering wheel and feeling it quickly drift to one side vs the other. Most initial thoughts would mention an alignment is needed.

2. During travel listen for abnormal sounds from the drivetrain such as grinding, loud pops, etc.

3. When releasing the parking brake, ensure that the machine does not struggle to travel. A parking brake not releasing properly is usually not a common issue but is possible.

4. Also ensure that the parking brake engages properly. If the parking brake is activated, the machine should not travel.

5. If the machine is equipped with Two Speed, ensure it works properly. An easy way to test is to slowly travel foward and push the Rabbit Switch on and you should be able to tell the increase in speed. Also keep in mind that the Skid Steers will struggle to turn while in Two Speed. (This is normal)

Undercarriage

The Compact Track Loader or Skid Steer undercarriage is the work horse for the machine, whether it be tracked or wheeled. Below is a great diagram from Monster Tires detailing the components of a track system.

Having a track system has specific benefits in comparison to a wheeled skid steer. The tracked undercarriage helps with stability and traction when operating in uneven rough terrain during critical work loads. They also provide a larger surface area to minimize disturbance or damage to the ground. The undercarriage is built with a solid steel roller frame and most have an internal cylinder to keep tension on the tracks. Other types have a manual track adjuster that pushes against the sprocket drive assembly. Tracked undercarriages consist of rubber tracks, front Idlers, rear idlers, bottom rollers and a sprocket final drive assembly powered by drive motors. A well maintained undercarriage is apparent with a thorough inspection since the majority of the components are visible. A worn, highly used undercarriage assembly could be expensive to repair and should be pretty straightforward to determine.

Skid steers are equipped with wheels and are best used on hard surfaces like concrete or asphalt. They are ideal for projects requiring high maneuverability and speed. The wheel system allows for a tighter turn radius, making them suitable for environments where space is a premium. However, they can struggle on soft, muddy, or sandy ground.

Hydraulics

Main Hydraulic System

There are several types of hydraulic systems in Skid Steers and every manufacturer has their way of engineering how they work within the machine. In general, all skid steers main hydraulic system consist of the main pump, drive motors (propel, fan motor, etc.), hydraulic cylinders, hydraulic tank, hoses/tubes, electronic control system, control valve & the hand/foot controls that make all hydraulic functions operate.

The main pump is driven by the engine and is essentially the heart of the entire hydraulic system. A worn or bad pump could look okay but not operate well. This powers two sets of cylinders. Two "tilt cylinders" on the front that control the bucket's movement and two "lift cylinders" on the side of the machine.

Newer model skid steers have monitor panels that display hydraulic electrical system info. for hydraulic sensor functionality readings and error codes.

Visual and Operational Hydraulic Checks

Visually, the hydraulic system should be free of leaks & have the proper amount of hydraulic oil. Regularly check the hydraulic hoses for proper routing and worn exterior (rubbing against the machines frame could cause damage to the outer layers of the hoses/hard lines). Check the hydraulics electronic control system for trouble codes, the harness for proper routing and obvious visual issues with the electrical connections. Keep an eye on all 4 main tilt & lift hydraulic cylinders for leaks, seepages at rod seals and for any type of damage at the chrome side of the cylinder.

Operationally work the hand and foot controls and verify they operate smooth. Tilt the attachment coupler all the way back and hold it (No more than 10 seconds) and listen to the pump while its under load at high engine rpm’s. An issue with the main pump will be noticeable and have loud, high pitched sounds. Move the implement functions at low and high engine speeds and verify the cylinders are working normal. After getting the hydraulics to operating temperature, extract the cylinders and wait a minute to see if they show signs of drifting. If the cylinders retract on their own, they may be leaking internally and/or may indicate a problem with the hydraulic control system. Lastly, if the machine is equipped with additional features like self leveling or ride control, test them for proper operation.

Attachments

Lever Actuated Quick Attach Coupler & Attachments

Quick attachment couplers are one main reason why skid steers and compact track loaders are so versatile. Operators are able to travel to the attachment in need and quickly hook up to it. Both the Manual Lever Quick Coupler and the Hydraulically Operated Coupler need to be inspected for safety purposes. Safety is priority with the coupler because its easy to latch onto an attachment and think that its ready for work. For more information on how to properly check that the skids steers coupler is properly secured to the attachment, refer to the following visual and operational checks in this section.

Some of the most popular attachments used are General Purpose Buckets, Forks, 4 to 1 Multipurpose buckets, Hydraulic Breakers, Grapple Buckets, Sweeper, Cold Planers, etc.

Attachments that require HIGH FLOW will only work with Skid Steers that are equipped with the High Flow Pump. Certain attachments will only work with a high flow machine. On the flip side, a grapple bucket does not require a high flow system and determining what Skid Steers are HIGH FLOW compatible, is simple to distinguish.

Above is a standard Manual Lever Quick Thatch, commonly referred to is as a lever actuated quick coupler. Pushing the levers down will lock the retaining pin locks to attachments. Regardless of the coupler type your machine comes equipped with, it's critical to thoroughly inspect the pin lock assemblies. Worn Pin Locks could cause serious issues if the attachment does not seat and lock properly.

Additional Checks to Ensure Proper Attachment Use

Always verify the machine model number is rated to safely lift the attachment and that it is equipped to properly control the attachment (ex: being High Flow Equipped). Once confirmed, visually inspect the coupler to loader arms pin retainers for proper lubrication and signs of loose pin to tilt (Rod Side) cylinder bore connections for signs of defects. Check the front coupler mating surface and the attachments for damage that could cause improper fitment. Skid Steers that are HIGH FLOW compatible will have 3 hydraulic quick coupler fittings (Usually mounted in line with the loader arms on a steel bracket). Standard hydraulic flow skid steers typically have 2 Hydraulic fittings and no round electrical pin connector. Check the hoses and wire harness (if equipped on the attachment) for proper routing while connected to the machine.

Operationally, check the manual levers with no attachment hooked up and exercise them pushing down and lifting them back up while checking for abnormal movement and worn hardware. When connecting to an attachment, the pin lock mechanisms should lock and unlock to the attachment without struggle. Once the attachment is locked and the front of the machine’s surroundings are clear, lift the attachment higher than the operator cab while tilting back. This will allow the operator to look directly at the locked areas to inspect if the coupler pin locks are evenly engaged into the locked position. After it is verified that the locks are properly engaged, tilt the attachment forward and observe for excess play with the coupler to attachment surfaces.

Applications of Skid Steers

Skid steers have evolved into multi-functional machines, finding applications across various industries. Some key applications include:

Construction

In construction, skid steers excel at tasks such as excavation, grading, and material handling. Their compact size allows them to navigate through confined spaces, making them indispensable on construction sites with limited maneuverability. Construction projects benefit significantly from the versatility and efficiency of skid steers.

Agriculture

Skid steers, indispensable in modern agriculture, execute pivotal tasks like loading, lifting, and transporting materials. In livestock operations, they contribute to feeding and cleaning tasks. Their versatility makes them an integral part of agricultural efficiency and productivity.

Landscaping

Skid steers offer landscaping professionals unparalleled versatility. These agile machines excel at grading, digging, and tree removal, making them indispensable for diverse landscaping projects. Their ability to seamlessly switch between attachments enhances efficiency, streamlining tasks and boosting overall productivity in the field.

Snow Removal

In regions prone to heavy snowfall, skid steers equipped with snow blowers, plows, or brooms are valuable assets for efficient snow removal. Their agility allows operators to navigate through snow-covered areas with ease, ensuring prompt and effective clearing of snow-covered surfaces.

Demolition

Skid steers, versatile machines used in construction, are equipped with demolition attachments like hydraulic breakers or grapples, making them indispensable for precision work in confined spaces during demolition projects. Their compact size and maneuverability enhance efficiency in challenging environments.

Choosing the Right Skid Steer

Selecting the appropriate skid steer for a specific task involves considering several factors:

Size and Capacity

Skid steers are versatile machines used in construction and landscaping. These compact loaders feature a range of attachments for diverse tasks. Size and capacity are crucial considerations; selecting the appropriate skid steer ensures optimal performance and efficiency for the intended application.

Attachments

Attachments play a crucial role in enhancing the versatility of a skid steer. The availability of a wide range of attachments, including buckets, forks, augers, or brush cutters, is a key consideration for various projects. A skid steer with a versatile quick-attach system significantly adds to its utility.

Operating Environment

The selection of tracked or wheeled skid steers depends on the terrain and conditions of the operating environment. Tracked versions excel in rough or muddy terrain, ensuring stability, while wheeled counterparts provide enhanced speed and maneuverability on smoother surfaces, adapting to diverse operating environments.

Budget Considerations

When making decisions about equipment purchases, it's crucial to consider various factors. Cost, a critical element, involves assessing the initial investment, operating costs, and potential return on investment. Budget considerations play a pivotal role in ensuring an informed and sustainable choice.

Maintenance and Safety

Routine Maintenance

Regular maintenance is essential to ensure the longevity and reliability of a skid steer. This includes checking fluid levels, inspecting hydraulic hoses, and greasing pivot points. Manufacturers often provide detailed maintenance schedules that operators should follow diligently.

Operator Training

Proper operator training is crucial for safe and efficient skid steer operation. Operators should be familiar with the machine's controls, safety features, and recommended operating procedures. Ongoing training programs help keep operators updated on the latest advancements in skid steer technology.

Safety Features

Modern skid steers are versatile machines used in construction and agriculture. These compact loaders excel at maneuverability and efficiency, with attachments for various tasks. Safety features such as roll-over protection systems (ROPS) and operator restraint systems enhance workplace security, emphasizing the importance of their proper utilization.

Inspections

Regular inspections before each use can help identify potential issues before they escalate. Operators should inspect tires or tracks, check for hydraulic leaks, and ensure all safety features are functioning correctly. Inspections play a crucial role in maintaining equipment reliability and ensuring a safe working environment.

Emerging Trends in Skid Steer Technology

As technology continues to advance, skid steers are experiencing innovations that enhance their performance and efficiency. Emerging trends in skid steer technology include electric models, advanced automation, improved telematics, and enhanced safety features:

Telematics

Telematics systems are increasingly integrated into skid steers, providing real-time data on machine health, fuel consumption, and utilization. This data helps fleet managers optimize operations and schedule maintenance more efficiently. Telematics revolutionizes equipment management, enhancing overall productivity and performance.

Electric Skid Steers

The advent of electric skid steers reflects the industry's commitment to sustainability. These machines offer reduced emissions, lower operating costs, and quieter operation compared to their diesel-powered counterparts. Electric skid steers are revolutionizing construction with their eco-friendly and efficient performance.

Advanced Control Systems

Modern skid steers are equipped with advanced control systems that enhance precision and responsiveness. The inclusion of joystick controls, pattern selection options, and automated functions creates a more user-friendly experience for operators, making tasks more efficient and manageable.

Environmental Impact and Sustainability

As environmental concerns take center stage, the construction and agriculture industries are actively seeking ways to reduce their carbon footprint. Environmental Impact and Sustainability have become pivotal considerations, driving innovation and promoting eco-friendly practices across various sectors for a greener future. Skid steers play a role in this effort through:

Emission Standards Compliance

Manufacturers are diligently enhancing skid steer designs, prioritizing cleaner and more efficient engines to meet and exceed emission standards compliance. This commitment not only benefits the environment but also aligns with increasingly stringent regulations, showcasing the industry's dedication to sustainable practices.

Electric-Powered Options

The evolution of skid steers has seen notable advancements with the emergence of Electric-Powered Options. In urban settings, where noise and air pollution are critical, electric models provide a greener alternative, fostering sustainability in construction and agriculture, aligning with eco-friendly practices.

Conclusion

Skid steers, born out of necessity in the mid-20th century, have undergone remarkable transformations, evolving into indispensable tools for diverse applications. Initially designed for small-scale construction, their versatility soon found applications in agriculture, landscaping, and even snow removal. These compact machines revolutionized industries, offering maneuverability and efficiency. As technology propels forward, we anticipate continuous innovation in skid steer design, focusing on improved efficiency, reduced environmental impact, and expanded capabilities. Familiarizing oneself with the historical progression, intricate design elements, various applications, and upcoming trends is crucial for operators and industry enthusiasts alike. In conclusion, skid steers stand as dynamic pillars in the ever-evolving landscape of modern machinery.